Genital Herpes
Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). The CDC estimates that 1 in 8 people have it. Learn more about testing, prevention, and treatment for genital herpes.
What is genital herpes?
Genital herpes is an infection caused by two types of viruses—herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Most cases of genital herpes are caused by HSV-2. HSV-1 can cause cold sores or blisters around the mouth. It is often referred to as “oral herpes.”
How is genital herpes spread?
Genital herpes is spread when you have anal, oral, or vaginal sex with an infected person and come into contact with:
- A herpes sore
- Saliva from an infected partner
- Genital fluids from an infected partner or partners
- Skin-to-skin contact with the oral area of a partner with oral herpes
- Skin-to-skin contact with the genital area of a partner with genital herpes
You can still get genital herpes from an infected partner even if they don’t have visible sores or other symptoms.
Most people with oral herpes get it from nonsexual contact with saliva. However, oral herpes can spread from the mouth to the genitals through oral sex.
You cannot get herpes from swimming pools, bedding, toilet seats, or from touching common household items like soap, towels, or silverware.
What are the symptoms of genital herpes?
Most people with herpes virus may have no symptoms and may never know they are infected. Other people may have very mild symptoms that can go unnoticed or be mistaken for common skin conditions like an ingrown hair or pimple. Because of this, most genital herpes infections are transmitted by people who don’t know that they have the infection or don’t have symptoms when transmission occurs. The incubation period, or the time between exposure and when symptoms first appear, is 2 to 7 days.
If people do get symptoms, that’s called an “outbreak.” Symptoms of genital herpes include:
- Blisters around the genitals, rectum, or mouth
- Sores that form after blisters break, which can be painful and may take a week or more to heal
- Flu-like symptoms like body aches, swollen glands, or fever can also occur if it’s your first outbreak
For many people, the first outbreak is the worst. Some people have repeat outbreaks, especially if they have HSV-2, but repeat outbreaks are usually less severe. Genital herpes is a chronic (life-long) infection, but the number of outbreaks often decreases over time.
If you have sores on your genitals, anus, or mouth, you should have a health care provider examine you. These sores can be caused by genital herpes or by other conditions that can be spread through close contact like mpox.
When should I get tested for genital herpes?
STIs are a risk at any age if you’re sexually active with more than one partner or if you and your partners haven’t been tested regularly. If you think you have been exposed to genital herpes, your health care provider may recommend that you get tested for genital herpes, even if you do not have any sores. Testing for genital herpes without sores or other symptoms usually isn’t recommended unless you think you may have been recently exposed. Learn more about testing for STIs.
How do I get tested for genital herpes?
Your health care provider may diagnose genital herpes by simply looking at any sores that are present. Testing is simple—your provider may gently take a sample of fluid from any sores with a swab. They may also recommend a blood test to look for HSV antibodies. If you test positive for genital herpes, talk to your health care provider about what to expect, including whether medications are the right path for you.
What is the treatment for genital herpes?
There is no cure for genital herpes, but antiviral medications can make living with herpes much more manageable. These medications, taken daily, can prevent or shorten outbreaks and reduce the chance of spreading herpes to others.
How can I prevent genital herpes?
You can reduce your risk of getting herpes by:
- Using condoms every time you have oral, vaginal, or anal sex
- Having one long-term sexual partner who does not have herpes
- You should know that even though condoms can reduce the risk of getting genital herpes, not all herpes sores occur in an area that condoms can cover. Because of this, condoms may not completely protect you from getting herpes, or from spreading it if you have herpes.
Learn about ways you can reduce the risk of getting or passing on herpes and other STIs.
I tested positive for genital herpes. What should I do next?
Learn what you can do after a positive STI test result, including how to protect partners.
If you have herpes, you can still have an active sex life. In addition to taking medication, you should also talk to your sex partners about their risk. Use condoms every time you have sex. Break out the lube – the friction caused by certain sex acts can irritate skin and trigger outbreaks. Be sure to avoid oil-based lube when using condoms since the oil can break down the latex of the condom. Instead, use water-based lubricants during sex. If you have an outbreak, it’s best to avoid sex and focus on other ways to be intimate.
What if my partner has genital herpes?
If your partner has genital herpes, you can lower your risk of getting genital herpes if:
- Your partner takes medication, which can help reduce symptoms and stop the spread of the herpes virus.
- You avoid having sex with your partner when they have a herpes outbreak.
- You use condoms every time you have oral, vaginal, or anal sex.
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